Original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
Also, don't forget:
- Place film titles in italics or all caps (e.g., SHERLOCK, JR.).
- Posts should not exceed 300 words.
- All postings should be published by 11:59 PM every Saturday.
Summary of "The Hollywood Studio System"
ReplyDeleteFilm companies began moving out to Hollywood in 1910. Hollywood was a good place for these companies because the land was cheap, the temperature was good, there was a lack of unions, and it was far away from Trust headquarters in New York. The studio system at the time was integrated vertically which caused monopolies. Independents tried competing with this by finding inspiration for films from other sources. During this time feature films generally ran about ninety minutes and the star system began to develop. Actors and directors began to receive recognition and some decided to break away from the studios and developed their own company called United Artists. Also during this time Adolph Zukor who headed the Famous Players began to block book his films and acquired $10 million from Wall Street for his theater chain. It was also during this time that picture palaces began gaining popularity. The two biggest players in the business were Roxy, and Balaban & Katz, who were both later bought out by Zukor. These picture palaces were extremely elegant and offered many appealing features in order to attract customers. All of these features helped develop the Hollywood studio system.
“The Hollywood Studio System”
ReplyDeleteAlthough American film production originally took place in New York or New Jersey, in 1910 the industry began its move to Hollywood. It was here that the “studio system”, a vertical integration of all major aspects of the business, began to take shape. The choice of Hollywood was influenced by the collapse of the MPPA. As the MPPA slowly lost control in the latter part of the 1910’s, the void it left was being filled by independent exhibitors and movie makers like Paramount founder Adolph Zukor and MGM’s Marcus Loew. These companies began using narratives plucked from various novels, plays, and pulp magazines. The main product that these companies offered was the 90 minute feature.
In order to promote these features, Hollywood began exploiting the star system. By planting false news stories and accumulating interest in stars in general, film companies created a new marketing tool for their films. Most stars became, in essence, the property of the studio due to binding contracts. In 1919, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and DW Griffith founded United Artists, a studio that proclaimed it would serve as a star-run antithesis to the major studios. At first, United Artists did very well, producing many successful features such as Chaplin’s THE GOLD RUSH (1925), but it simply could not compete on the same level as Paramount or MGM.
Hollywood began to dominate exhibition as well as production and distribution. In 1925, Adolph Zukor’s Famous Players merged with Balaban & Katz theaters to form Paramount. Theaters during this time were constructed to look elegant and were filled with piano playing , exquisite decorations and best of all, they had air conditioning.
By 1910 studio systems had started to set up their businesses around Hollywood and Los Angeles, and by 1925 the “Hollywood” system took control over the old studio system. Hollywood had most economic dominance over most of the world markets with its vertical integration and businesslike manner. European nations tried to falter the system with tariffs and taxes but it was to no avail. The Motion Picture Patents Company’s attempt to monopolize the film industry was faltered when after only 6 years, from 1904 to 1914, the independents came in. Independents like Adolph Zukor for Paramount, Marcus Loew with MGM, and William Fox with Fox all entered the business and started the creation of Hollywood. Hollywood’s biggest creation was its feature film, which were about 90 minutes long and usually a story of unordinary events. These films could cost anywhere from $100,000 to $500,000. Hollywood began to focus on the creation of the “Star System”, to help differentiate their films from others. Zukor wished to create his own set of stars and ultimately created a group known as The United Artists, which at the time consisted of Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and D.W. Griffith. This industry did well in its early years with films like THE GOLD RUSH (1925) or ROBIN HOOD (1923) but soon fell to the hands of Hollywood due to its incapability to release enough films per year. Adolph Zukor with his Famous Players film company soon began to buy chains of theaters and soon movie palaces, in inspiration from Samuel ‘Roxy’ Rothapfel’s movie palace in New York, gaining him control over the all the aspects of the film industry. Along with him, Balaban & Katz soon began to build these monumental buildings of elegant taste, exotic features, and above all air conditioning. This was the beginning of a new age.
ReplyDeleteThe Hollywood Studio System
ReplyDeleteWanting to attract a large audience with popular feature length films, companies rose together in Los Angeles where feature length films could be shot amongst the wide variety of landscapes surrounding the area. The “movie stars” began to come to light in the 1910s and companies started to use their names to gain success for films that they were in. Elaborate production sets went into the films and shooting scripts were formed to help lower the cost. A chain of theaters was established by Adolph Zukor (founder of Famous Players) to play the films produced by his company. Hollywood then went international, taking over most of Europe and spreading to Canada, Germany, South America, and the Soviet Union. Audiences however, did not appreciate the unkempt conditions of the theaters. To better represent the feature films coming from Hollywood, movie palaces were constructed. The palaces created by Balaban & Katz were described as decadent and grand. They were also the first theaters to be air conditioned, attracting large audiences in the hot summers.
The World-Wide Spread of Cinema:
ReplyDeleteFilm Europe- tried to gather up studios but France had to be bailed out by U.S. Film studios. Studios created films that most people in general could relate to. Many stars like Maurice Chevalier, marlene Dietrich, and Charles Boyer helped in the world wide market. American’s production values and supply outperformed their international rivals. The German government instituted a ‘contingent’ plan that was designed to limit a proportion of foreign films. In 1927, German studios produced 241 films. But American films still came faster, and had more value to their product. Even though the French and Germany industries couldn’t compete with Americans, their products still filtered in Europe, Japan, China, and other markets.
Through the dominance of Hollywood film production infiltrating the foreign market, the way films were made and presented in foreign countries was greatly affected, also affecting the Hollywood studio system as well. As America’s film market began to grow, standard business practices began to be put into affect to increase efficiency and economic growth; by the 1920s, a fully vertically integrated system emerged. This led to more American films being made, with better production quality as well. The infiltration of American films caused concern in rivaling markets; in Britain, only five percent, of the films shown in the country were British. Foreign countries began to make changes to promote their films; one example of this would be Germany, which responded to the foreign market (specifically America) with a ‘contingent plan’ that limited the number of foreign films shown in Germany. Quotas were also established in some countries, though this often led to the rapid production of mediocre films. In the 1920s, the ‘Film Europe’ movement began, which aimed at joint production and reciprocal distribution of films in Europe. The idea of the movement was to create a larger base for production, and give European producers dominance in their own region. However, the movement ran into difficulties, especially financially, as Ufa was bailed out by American studios, and as sound was added to films. American films did well in foreign countries not only because of their distinctively American style and high production quality, but also because of the promotion of foreign acting talent. By ‘poaching’ actors, as well as technical workers, from other countries, American films would also appeal more to the foreign market, weakening their competitors. Despite foreign products not competing well in America, they could be shown elsewhere around the world, such as in Europe, Japan, and China.
ReplyDeleteIn 1910 film companies moved out west to Hollywood, a small suburb of Los Angeles. The new center of American cinema would come to dominate the globe. The studios vertically integrated all three aspects of cinema. Studios owned theaters and stars. To stop the invasion, foreign countries instituted taxes, tariffs, and boycotts to stop the Hollywood system. During this time, many independent studios popped up to oppose the MPPC, such as Paramount, MGM, and Fox. These independents exhibited feature-length films for the most part, whereas the MPPC stayed with one-reelers. By the 1920s, the independents became the system. The Hollywood system became so successful that foreign competitors sent people over to try and copy it, to no avail. The first breakthrough feature-length picture was DANTE'S INFERNO in 1911. It was shown in legitimate theaters for $1. BIRTH OF A NATION followed this format in 1915. Not everyone enjoyed the Hollywood system, in 1919 Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and D.W. Griffith founded United Artists, the first star-run studio. By 1921, the largest film company in the world was Famous Players-Lasky Corporation. Owner Adolph Zuckor bought movie theaters to exhibit his own features, using block booking where he would put a movie with a lesser known star or a new genre with a surefire hit. His theaters became lavish movie palaces that were designed to entice patrons. One, Balaban & Katz was the very first theater to have air conditioning, changing summer exhibition forever.
ReplyDeleteThe World-Wide Spread of Cinema
ReplyDeleteFrom the onset of cinema, people have been turally attracted to and enamored by almost all aspects of cinema and film. The dilemma at the start was getting the films to as many people as possible, pushing the product so to speak. At first the French and various other European countries were leading the pack in distributing their product. Stars like Max Linder and Asta Nielson were enjoying spectacular success. Between 1916 and 1918, the United States increased their foreign representation exponentially therefore leading to increased exports and a growing interest in American films. Due to this, many European countries became protective of their work and showed animosity towards the American product, due to the belief that these films showcased only American morals and beliefs, therefore infringing on the culture. Some countries took drastic action, such as Germany and their "contingent plan", which limited the amount of imported films the country could recieve in a year.Many other countries followed suit and were soon implementing their own quota systems. The "Film Europe" movement was started in an attempt to counter the increasing American dominance, but the plan well prey to financial and culture barriers. Soon the American film makers started "poaching" foreign stars not only to better their films but to help push their appeal in the stars home countries. Foreign films though not as marketable in the U.S., they were profitable in other parts of the world.
The Hollywood Studio System
ReplyDeleteIn 1910 the suburbs of Hollywood were filled with the film industry and in 1925 the studio system was being called the Hollywood system. Hollywood uses modern business tools to become the most powerful film competitor in the world. As soon as Hollywood became successful, the MPPC started to fail. Independents were the starters of Hollywood far away from the MPPC’s control, which made it much easier to created different material. In 1912 independent filmmakers were creating enough wealth from longer and more complex films in order to fully cover their bills. The star system soon appeared and Hollywood was apart of it, even if it took actors away from theater. In 1919 the United Artists was created in order to break away from the demanding studios. This did not last long because the United Artists did not supply enough movies for its demand. In the 1920s Adolph Zukor discovered a way to produce films faster in order to distribute them further. The longer films became the larger the audiences grew. When it comes to the studio factory production system, Adolph Zukor was known to exploit it by making the Famous Players organization and then block booking those movies. After success in production, the independents decided to buy the high-end movie palaces. In 1914 the exhibition of films took off to these palaces with electric signs and eventually air conditioning. This turned the movie business to releasing in the summer. Foreign markets pushed the Hollywood companies to make the MPPDA. This was supposed to keep markets in other countries open, however many of the countries tried to create tariffs against the U.S., because their domestic filmmakers were struggling in the Hollywood monopoly, which is still present today.
The Hollywood Studio System
ReplyDeleteFrom about 1910 to 1925, The HW studio system was unrivaled in its production, distribution, and exhibition of films. In this time it grew from a small Trust of filmmakers to a worldwide domination of the industry.
During this time, studios created a system of vertical integration that allowed them to control all aspects of the business. They created cost-effective ways of creating movies and distributed them worldwide with great profit. They were so efficient that foreign markets could not compete on their own soil.
Stars made it so each movie was marketed heavily. Movies increased in length from 15 minute shorts to 90+ minute feature films. During this time, the studios also bought and built many movie palaces that had opulent architecture and entertainment both inside and out of the screening area. They even installed A/C to dominate the summer months. Adolf Zukor was the best during this time and eventually formed Paramount Pictures.
In the year 1910 the film industry relocated to California where the land was cheap and the weather was just right for filming any time of year. The studio system was established during this move after the collapse of the MPPA. This studio system controlled all the aspects of the filmmaking process making it a vertically integrated system. Feature length films were finding popularity during this time and the newly flourishing business was finding new ways to market the films. They established the star system so that audiences could recall a film because of a certain actor in the film. Certain stars like Douglas Fairbanks, Lilllian Gish, and Charlie Chaplin found fame in this new system of business.
ReplyDeleteAdolf Zukor built several chains of movie palaces to give audiences a more enjoyable movie viewing experience. He also established Paramount Studios which only contributed to the monopolous sytem.
In 1919 Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairband, and Mary Pickford formed the United Artists studio which reclaimed its independence from the major studio system. The problem with this system was that the studio didn't produce enough films during this period to be taken as a serious threat to the major studio system.
During this time period America was establishing itself as the main world dominance of cinema. A buisness that was once run by French, Italian, and English was now taken over by the American film industry.
In 1908, the french film company of Pathe-Freres was the leading film supplier to the U.S. market. However, during the 1920s, France started to lose its influence over the international film market. Australia, on the otherhand, was the lead importer of foreign films in the 1920s. During Hollywood's rise in the film distribution market, several countries, mostly those in Europe, passed laws to prevent American films from dominating their theaters. Despite these laws, the American film distibution market quickly rose to the top of the exportation list by the end of the 1920s.
ReplyDeleteHW Studio System
ReplyDeleteThe Hollywood Studio System started in the earlier 1900's as a independent repsonse to the "Trust", whoch was attempting to monopolize the industry and control movie makers. Hollywood eventually became the dominant movie making area due to its ability to use "the tools of modern buisness", which meant it was able to produce films better and quicker with also lessening costs that were associated with the Hollywood area. Hollywood overtook the now defunct MPPC, with its ability to create popular films at better costs. Hollywood first began to become better with its "Feature film" and use of stars. This allowed for people to become interested in specific characters such as Cahrlier Chaplin, while being able to view a upgraded product, the longer feature film. Hollywood businessman like Zukor and Schenk then were able to impliment strategic business tactics which allowed them to distribute faster, thus allowing them to create more and more and get a tighter grip on the market. This became the vertical integration that allowed Hollywood to control all parts of cinema, which then ended up stretching into theatre halls as well. The addition of Hollwood Moguls buying cinema halls also changed the system, allowing for more expansive and elegant halls to be built. And with such a large flow of money the Hollywood industry was able to become a overseas hit as well, with its ability to offer such a good product at lowered price. This total domination of Hollywood, in all aspects of the cinema, was what made it from a small group of independent filmakers into a controller of the world of cinema.
The World-Wide Spread of Cinema
ReplyDeleteAlthough the beginnings of film production came about in various countries, Hollywood films would become the most exported (and most watched) in the business. In the early 19th century, the movie industry was nothing compared to what we know today. Many countries were involved in early film production, business practice dictated the direction of film much more than artistic qualities. As American businesspeople learned how to exploit films and control the markets, they also began to corner the international market. Many countries expressed disdain for the dominance of US films in their own domestic markets. The Germans were a leader in pushing Hollywood from their own market, using their "contingency" plan, where a limit was put on US film imports each year. The "Film Europe" would also come about, where a market among European countries was formed to combat foreign dominance. It was obvious that this would not work when the German company Ufa was bailed out by Hollywood companies. The expansion of film throughout the world would also export and encourage new ideas in production, business, exhibition, and cinematography.